Southwest Airlines Co.

The Merchants Tale Essays The Merchants Tale Essay The Merchants Tale Essay Chaucers foundation of the Clerk in the General Prologue as a submitted researcher who organizes his scholarly investigations over material riches stands out pointedly from the depiction of the Merchants bargaines and his chevissaunce. In putting The Clerks Tale preceding that of the Merchant and investigating comparative topics inside both, Chaucer acquaints with his readership a probability of the subsequent story being a reaction to the first.The contrasting perspectives and results of the stories, while having critical connections in their topic, incite examination of the storytellers in their own conversations and the heroes become the epitome of their perspectives towards marriage in the stories. Walter is introduced by the Clerk as a to a great extent cliché marquis, whose characteristics of modesty and comprehension in his proposition to Griselda are connected to the particular absence of incongruity in the prologue to his character. The Clerk describes in recognition of the hero, Handsome and youthful and solid; in him were blentHigh respect and a delicate kindness. It is then conceded that Walter showed certain issues (He was for sure to fault ) in spite of the fact that the way that he is named so not long after the start of the story resonates significantly in the Merchants introduction, where Chaucer confesses to having overlooked the storytellers name. This could be viewed as a remark upon the impression of assistants as being unmistakably more legitimate than shippers in Chaucerian culture in spite of Walters incredible double dealing of his significant other when concealing their two kids from her, he is as yet introduced in a positive, genuine light all through th e tale.This strengthens his validity as a character, which has the impact of the Clerk having the option to introduce his perspectives on marriage plainly through the hero. It is fundamentally significant that the two stories are set in Lombardy, however the setting is totally different in the two stories. The Clerks Lombardy is barely referenced, while the Merchants city of Pavia, well known for its investors and its houses of ill-repute, gives a significant premise to the profoundly sexual nature of the stories imagery.However, similarly as the Clerk is disengaged from this present reality through his quest for the scholarly community, Walter has neglected to consider marriage as it may be normal, through adherence to gallant characteristics and extraordinary responsibility in this sense. His union with Griselda isn't achieved by sexual want, but instead by his companions begging, Therefore, we beseech you expediently to wed. By removing Walter from his geological environmental fa ctors and having him wed a submitted lady from an unassuming foundation, it tends to be seen that the Clerk is thinking outside the box and endeavoring to tell a story of goodness and devotion.It isn't just the symbolism in the story that permits him to do this, yet in addition the type of the language: by utilizing seven line rhyming sections, an increasingly compelled, consistent content is introduced, making the story progressively open to the peruser during Walters progressively concentrated activities of the portrayed cold-bloodedness. In mix with Griseldas unfailing reliability all through these trial of duty, the general type of the verse serves to individualize the story and make it unmistakable among the gathering of travelers as a whole.This gives a huge chance to logical inconsistency of its substance and, in this way, a reaction in the accompanying story. Januarys decision of May for his better half in The Merchants Tale, nonetheless, turns into a solid portrayal of his character. He can't disguise the way that she is just one of numerous possible ladies, illustrated where the Merchant describes, As whoso tooke a mirour, cleaned brilliant, And sette it in a collective commercial center. It before long becomes obvious that this double dealing is because of Januarie, ‘for as great is visually impaired deceyved be/As to be deceyved whan a man may se’. The way that he is being deluded on account of the two his physical and mental visual impairment makes Januarie seem defenseless, and the crowd nearly starts to feel sorry for him, indicating that the force balance has moved suddenly from Januarie to May. The language Chaucer decides to utilize adds to showing this force balance viably. Fortune is represented in this entry, as is basic in Chaucer’s composing. Like various unique characteristics which have the female syntactic sexual orientation in Latin, the representation is feminized, and she is introduced as a lady, regularly blindfolded, to show the intervention of her activity, a holding a wheel on which her casualties rise and fall. When contrasting this picture with May, unmistakably she currently has full force and power over Januarie. It isn't just clear how May has picked up control over this entry, yet additionally how Januarie has lost his. He turns out to be so controlled by envy that He nolde suffre employ for to ride or go/But on the off chance that that he hadde hond on her alway’ , ‘nor anyplace/Would he permit his better half to take the air/Unless his hand were on her, day and night’. Towards the start of the story, it is impossible that Januarie would have been so possessive over his new spouse, as he included enough certainty inside himself to forestall any desire. At the point when he loses his sight, it is obvious that his reluctance turns out to be especially solid, by and by causing him to appear to be defenseless and vulnerable, and May’s contemptibility just builds Januarie’s absence of intensity

Aniamal behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aniamal conduct - Essay Example Basic around these components are: Relative abundances of predators and prey, Relative sizes of predators and prey, Predator sex, Prey physical/conduct characteristics (e.g., mysterious shade, get away from frameworks), Energetic nature of prey, Predator condition or gut fruition, Predator experience and Habitat heterogeneity. A blend of investigation recommends that an extent of 1 wolf: 200 caribou is consistent. Over this, caribou masses decline. This degree for moose is surveyed to be 1 wolf: 20 moose. More prey more predators. Keep up predator: prey extent and assist settle with preying peoples. Along these lines, if deer peoples increase, do coyote and catamount masses in like manner assemble? In the event that not, at that point the extent movements and predation impacts should diminish. Elective prey suggests that predators may not show a numerical response. Models Coyotes can live on minimal warm blooded creatures, so paying little heed to the likelihood that deer peoples decline, coyotes can remain bountiful and continue to strongly plunder cowers. Predators for the most part have simpler r and are longer existed than prey. Predators cannot grow as fast as prey, so extent of predator: prey reduces when augmentations prey. Inverse is veritable when prey masses reduce. Case Cougars have more level conceptive rates than deer. Deer masses can extend more quickly than cougar numbers, thus reliably cutting down the predator: prey extent until something stops the development in deer numbers. Cougars, on ordinary, live more than deer. In case deer peoples drop, because of atmosphere or some other passing conditions, at that point the extent of predator: prey will work until a bit of the cougars in like manner kick the container. One strategy powerless prey can use to diminish predation rates is to move prey in time in space so that the available predators can't devour quite a bit of it. This is the system of caribou that

Medea Greek Mythology Essay

Assume control over rebuffing the individuals who have fouled up to her, she is blamed for needing not justiceâ€vengeance. Since I am not a local of neither Corinth nor Colchis, I have my own view about her thought processes. Be that as it may, I would concur with the Corinthian Women, Medea is looking for retribution; not equity. A few people may contend that Medea is looking for equity. When in reality, Medea needs retribution. The resistance would state equity occurred on the grounds that the Gods permitted Medea an opportunity to play out her different demonstrations. Despite the fact that these things happened Medea went to retribution when she willingly volunteered to slaughter Creon and his little girl Creusa. Indeed, even the chorale, the â€Å"ideal spectators†, infers that Creon is a poor lord when, after he ousts Medea, the First Corinthian Woman identifies, â€Å"I am of Corinth and I state that Corinth isn't very much dominated. †(1. 214-216). This statement gives us verification that Medea has a type of motivation to look for retribution on Creon. Anyway she lets her disdain surpass its limits and permits herself to end the lives of the King of Corinth and its Princess all since they picked Jason over her. What's more, her activities all demonstrate that she needs Jason to accomplish more than pay for harming her. She needs him to endure at the destiny of her own youngsters. Her retribution was narrow minded. Medea included the two things she knew would hurt Jason the mostâ€her own youngsters. As indicated by the First Corinthian Woman, â€Å"It would be better for you, Medea if the earth opened her jaws and brought you down into obscurity. In any case, one thing you won't do, for you can't, you won't hurt your own youngsters, however rage like plague-bubbles throbs, your brain in a fire-fog nibbles the purple apples of agony. No blood-lapping brute of the field, she-bear nor lioness, nor the lean wolf-bitch, harms her own delicate whelps; nor the yellow-peered toward, seythe-curved, and storm carried hawk that tears the sheep has ever constructed prey of the product of her own tree. †(2. 115-126). Remember that the Corinthian Women are the aware of Corinth. Through this statement the First Corinthian Women has expressed that Medea couldn't hurt her own youngsters. She even gives instances of the most perilous predators that don’t even damage their own young. This is proof that Medea went past the condition of equity; however she went far into the condition of retribution. Medea realized what she was doing and truth be told she could think less about something besides what she thought of what was looking for vengeance on Jason. Taking everything into account, retribution was looked for by Medea. She went over the reality of showing Jason a thing or two; she even expressed she loathed Jason more than she cherished her youngsters. Answer this inquiry is what Medea has done engaging or ethically educational?

GMAT Preparation That Works for You Find Your Best Way to Prepare for the GMAT

So youve thought it over and have decided to take the GMAT. Thats great! The next step is to prep for the test. Of course, not everyone prepares for a test in the same way. The goal is to find what works for you. One way to do that is to look at the different options available to you when it comes to preparing for GMAT questions. In-Person Prep Courses You could go with the traditional option and take a GMAT prep course in a classroom with an instructor as well as other students. This is an excellent choice if you enjoy participating in class discussions with other students who are as eager to learn as you. Also, if you benefit from hearing the questions and comments of others, then you may consider this the best way to prepare for the GMAT. At Veritas Prep, we offer in-person courses taught by instructors who provide you with many GMAT preparation tips. All of our instructors earned a score on the GMAT that landed them in the 99th percentile. So when you learn from a Veritas Prep instructor, youre learning from one of the best! Preparing Online with a Tutor Perhaps youd prefer to go online to prepare for the GMAT. Test preparation can be completed one-on-one with a Veritas Prep tutor on the Internet. Some people find that they are able to focus better when studying online with a tutor. Youre bound to appreciate the option of choosing your own learning environment when you choose online tutoring. If this is the choice for you, the experienced online tutors at Veritas Prep stand ready to help you prepare for the GMAT. Choosing the Best Environment for Online Learning If you think that participating in tutoring sessions online is the best way to prepare for the GMAT, then you should decide on your optimal learning environment. Of course, whatever location you select must have Internet access. You may consider choosing a room in your home where youll have very few interruptions. However, if you live in a home thats always overflowing with activity, you may want to reserve a room at a public library or ask to use a quiet room at your workplace instead. To get the most out of your tutoring sessions, you should choose to study in a place where youll be able to focus all of your attention on your online tutor and study resources. Studying with a Friend or Going it Alone The question of whether to study alone or with a friend may come up as you begin preparing for the GMAT. Well, having someone else around can end up helping or hurting you. For instance, perhaps you have a coworker who is also planning to take the GMAT and asks to study with you. If the two of you are good friends, you may find that you end up chatting about current events, family and work instead of preparing for GMAT questions. This is a perfect example of how studying with another person can hinder your progress. Alternatively, studying GMAT vocabulary words can be more effective when done with another person. You can quiz one another on the definitions of words, or you can make up a vocabulary game that puts the element of competition into your study sessions. Along with your tutor, a study partner can give you encouragement as you absorb unfamiliar words and their meanings. You are the best judge of whether it would benefit you to study with a partner or study alone outside of your instructional sessions with Veritas Prep. Along with online or in-person instruction, Veritas Prep has a variety of other resources available to you as prepare for the GMAT. One of the best places to start your GMAT prep is our free practice test. Your score will help reveal what you need to work on when it comes to mastering skills for the GMAT. We also have a free trial class that gives you a good idea of what to expect from our GMAT study program. Go ahead and check out all of the details regarding our professional GMAT tutoring services and give us a call today!

Internal and External Assessment - China Eastern Air Holding Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2144 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction China Eastern Air Holding Company (CEA) is one of the three major airline companies in China, which headquartered in Shanghai. At the end of September 2012, China Eastern owned total assets of about 108.5 billion RMB, which included more than 400 large and medium-sized and had over 60,000 employees. (CEA, 2014) As an official member of SkyTeam, CEA builds its flight network from Shanghai, which convergences with the Union, included 187 countries around the world and more than 1000 cities. CEA services the worlds 70 million passenger trips each year, which ranked among the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s top 5 passenger traffic. Since 2009, CEA with a new attitude usher in a new development, named Chinas civil aviation safety Five Star Award; topped the Fortune magazine Most Innovative Chinese Companies Top 25, was named the international brand agency WPP Top 50 most valuable brands in China. (Anon., n, d.) The major purpose of this report is to discuss the China Eastern Air Holding Company strategy, which included external analysis (PESTLE analysis), internal analysis (SWOT analysis), and so on. As a company, business strategy is playing an important role in firm development and success. In the report, it also will include in strategic options and recommended strategies. 2.0 External Analysis 2.1 PESTLE Analysis External analysis included in PESTLE and five forces. The PESTLE framework categories environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal.(Johnson, et al., 2012, p. 21). Politics highlights the role of governments. The china political background is conducive to state-owned aviation company, which included in China Eastern. Aspects of domestic routes, no one aviation company except for three state-owned aviation companies can apply to a private airline to fly the main routes in 2005 to 2007, these routes are the all the high-quality airlines. Internationally route, national policies biased in favor of Air China, most of the international routes are concentrated in the hands of Air China. China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines in this regard are at a disadvantage. The background to the rapid development of private aviation industry, but the China internal policy was biased in favor of oligopoly. And the development of private airlines has been almost impossible. Economics refers to macro-economic factors, which included world economy and domestic economy. The global economic growth sustained, global economic growth in 2014 of 3.7%, compared with 2013 growth of 0.7%. Advanced countries economies from 1.3% to 2.2%, which indicates that there will be new opportunities in advanced countries. ( World Economic Outlook, 2014) Chinas economy will maintain steady and rapid development in recent years, with GDP growth of around 8% and the consumer price index rose about 4.8%. Economic Development of the ent ire aviation industry is just beginning in China. In addition, world oil prices also affected the cost of flying. The cost of fuel is the biggest cost in CEA. Social influences include changing cultures and demographics. In this case, due to changing lifestyles and values, aircrafts have become one of indispensable transportation in China. More and more customers are choosing aircraft as transportation because it is efficient and convenient. The development of the aviation industry, especially the cheap airline industry, is a significant opportunity. More importantly, the air ticket is no long luxury, but also more civilians. Technological influences refer to innovation. The information technology makes it easier for passengers to buy tickets online reservation. This technological improvement helps firm to increase the number of air travelers. The aircraft manufacturers, airport facilities, information technology impact on aviation industry technical environmental. Impro ving airport facilities, such as a passenger check-in desk, luggage facilities, shuttle vehicles, etc., which increasing customer satisfaction and promoting the development of the entire industry. Environmental stands specifically for green issues. The company improved the aircraft type, flight routes and route optimization enhance DOC (direct operating costs) control and environment management, according to the flight plan accurate refueling and other means to save our fuel consumption. It not only reduced the fuel cost, but also reduced the carbon emission to protect the environment. Not only that, the CEA also cut down the disposable supplies and the number of magazines. (CEA, 2014) Legal embraces legislative constraints or changes. The main issues are preferential airport rights for some carriers and restrictions on mergers for the airline industry. For example, CEA hopes to establish bases in Beijing but there are multiple barriers from other airline company and local gov ernment. 2.2 Five Forces Analysis Porters five forces framework affecting the industry attractiveness is: the threat of entry, the threat of substitutes, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers and the extent of rivalry between competitors. Through the five forces, the company will know their external environment and understand which part needs to improve. The five forces indicate that the advantages and disadvantages in the whole environment. 3.0 Internal Analysis 3.1 Enterprise Resource Analysis CEA mainly engaged in public air transport, general aviation operations and sale of air transportation and related products and so on. (CEA, 2014). In addition, CEA also involved in a wide range of import and export of aviation, financial services, aviation food, travel ticketing, hotel, real estate property, advertising media, machinery manufacturing and other industries, has formed a new pattern diversify. CEA flights include Airbus A300, A320, A330, A340, Boeing 7 37, Boeing 767, MD-90 and CRJ-200, ERJ-145, a total of 238 aircraft, the main operating base for the Shanghai Hongqiao International airport and Shanghai Pudong International airport, there are other important base Kunming International airport, Xian Xianyang International Airport and so on. 3.2 Enterprise Capability Analysis The CEA as the hub of airlines main income comes from the passenger and freight transport, CEA began to focus on running the network routes. Currently, CEA has nearly 250 aircraft, 293 domestic routes and 80 direct international routes. Rely on network operators, CEA will direct route between the existing city criss-crossing associate, meet the transport needs of the market and travelers. CEA explore the potential and use of existing resources, which achieve maximum benefit. 3.3 VRIO Analysis The VRIO framework determines the competitive power of a companys resources and capabilities. The overall competitive power test is moderate for CEA because the resource and capability is the moderate value; the resource and capability are rare; the resource and capability is not hard to copy; the firms policies and procedures are organized to support the exploitation. The CEA resources are limited in China, other companies hard to get their resources, but the low-cost airline is impacting on the other airline companies and sharing the market shares. 4.0 SWOT Analysis SWOT summaries the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats likely to impact on strategy development. Through the SWOT, it can clearly indicate that the strategys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which will help companies to know themselves strategies. There are many strategic issues in CEA. The major issues are the cost is too high, and limited at domestic and international development, which is difficult to develop. 5.0 Strategic Options 5.1 Cooperative Strategy 5.1.1 Horizontal integration CEA and Shanghai Airlines comp leted merger in 2010. This is a successful procedure for CEA. It not only consolidated their stronghold of CEA, CEA also made them more competitive in the last years. The merger has two advantages. On the one hand, CEA can get local market share and build a base. On the other hand, CEA can get more resources in a short time and enhance its competitiveness. Thus, CEA can merge another lol airlines business, like as merge the Shanghai Airlines. 5.1.2 Vertical integration (Equity fuel supply companies) Fuel costs are a major component of airline costs, for example, 40% of the total fuel costs in CEA whole cost. If fuel prices continue to rise, it will further increase the cost of pressures airlines. The Chinas fuel supply companies are large state-owned enterprises, the CEA cannot merge the fuel supply. However, CEA can consider equity participation; it also can help CEA to reduce the fuel cost. Because CEA can enjoy discounts when CEA buy flight fuel. It will make the CEA mor e competitive in todays high fuel prices. In cooperative strategy, vertical integration will reduce cost and horizontal integration will help CEA to develop the domestic and international market. The cost of fuel is the biggest cost for an airline company, thus, reduce the cost of fuel is the most important in a company. If the CEA cooperate with the fuel supply, it will cut down more money on the cost of fuel. The merger is a good way to explore a new market and consolidate an old market. It will help companies to get more market shares and improve awareness. 5.2 Cost-leadership strategies Cost-leadership strategy involves becoming the low-cost organization in a domain of activity. (Johnson, et al., 2012, p. 112). Low-cost providers must have the resources and capabilities to keep costs below those of competitors. Input costs are important in cost leadership. For example, CEA reduce the types of aircraft. CEA has seven kinds of models, 1050 routes, which will inevitably lead to higher costs of the huge variety of aircrafts. Kinds of civil aviation fleet are the core of aviation hardware resources. Too many kinds of aircrafts will lead to high cost of maintenance. Complex models of aircrafts are the main cause of the high cost airlines. Thus, CEA should adopt a single model and short range, high-density routes, which provides adequate financial security. Chinas civil aviation aircraft utilization is very low, with an average aircraft utilization rate in the advanced world airlines around 9.8 hours. Improved aircraft utilization, it not only reduce the need for the number of aircraft, but also reduce the number of occupied capital in order to effectively reduce costs. In addition, the rational use of regional aircraft is important to the CEA route network improvement. CEA can use the mid-size aircraft as regional aircraft in order to guarantee adequate attendant circumstances and give full play to the small regional aircraft effect. In the cos t-leadership strategy, to reduce the kinds of aircraft will cut down the cost and to use the mid-size aircraft to fly regional airlines, which will get more profit for a company. These two strategies will make the CEA profitable. 5.3 Best-cost strategy Best-cost providers must have the resources and capabilities to incorporate upscale product or service attributes at a lower cost than rivals. CEA can provide the cheaper airline tickets and promotion tickets. Through this way, CEA could provide the same price tickets as the low cost airline, as well as provide the best service. The consumers must buy CEA tickets because it provides the best service with the low price. This strategy will improve attendance in each airline, it will get more profit. In the meanwhile, the cheaper tickets will help CEA get more market shares in their new routes because customers will be chose the cheaper tickets in the same routes. 6.0 Recommended Strategy For any company, it owns the limit ed resource and energy for a certain period, and it cannot choose more strategies to operate together. Therefore the implementation of the strategy should first be necessary to elect from alternative strategies. Thus, I consider that the cost-leadership strategy is the best strategy for CEA now. Cooperative Strategy is a perfect strategy, but merger need for a long time to operate. At the short time, it hard changes for anything for a company, and it needs to integrate for a long time. Best-cost strategy also is a good strategy, but it is not a long-term strategy. The cost-leadership strategy is to take advantage of the enterprise avoid or mitigate the impact of external threats. Through the merger, CEA received a huge of resources; however, these resources are not really playing a role. If CEA cannot full use of these resources, these resources will affect the development of enterprises. These resources as inside restricted need to become the outside strength. In addition, company staff mobility, and operational confusion, CEA has been to optimize the internal management of the development strategy. 7.0 Conclusion Chinas aviation market entered a rapid development period; the performance of the airline has been the turning point. With a high level of CEA actively promote strategic cooperation will help CEA and improve their management, operations and profitability. CEA is one of the three major airline company in China, which shouldering responsibility for the development of the aviation industry in China. Through this analysis, we can clearly see the CEA have strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, as long as the Eastern able to choose the right strategy, I consider that China Eastern Airlines will be able to a leader in the Middle East aviation industry for a long time. 8.0 Reference List Anon., n.d., About China Eastern, China Eastern Airlines, [Online] Available at: https://easternmiles.ceair.com/about/zjdh/t2013812_11 832.html. [Accessed 14 April. 2014] Anon., 2014, China Eastern Social Responsibility Report on 2013. China Eastern Air Company, [Online] Available at: https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H2_AN201403260005322096_1.pdf. [Accessed 14 April. 2014] Johnson, G., Whittington, R. Scholes, K. (2012): Fundamentals of Strategy, 2nd edition, England: Pearson Education. World Economic Outlook, 2014, International Monetary Fund, [Online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/update/01/pdf/infographic.pdf. [Accessed 14 April. 2014] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internal and External Assessment China Eastern Air Holding Company" essay for you Create order

Public Education versus Private Education Essay - 896 Words

Public education has been able to provide the necessary education to students, despite its limited capabilities. Students are offered the same education in public schools as they are in private schools. Students make their choice on whether or not they want to apply themselves, and learn from the teachers in front of them. In private schools students are excited to learn. Maybe that is why they have better test scores. Students enrolled in public schools have a tendency to fail, or some succeed. These options are taken by students who who either try, or do not care. Either way, every student has an equal opportunity to gain an education. In To Kill A Mockingbird, many examples can be seen about public education, and how things†¦show more content†¦Success rate is also higher within the private educational area. This is because these students are already at a higher learning level, and are ready for the college preparatory type classes (Walker 1). Students in the pu blic school area are not always ready for the higher level thinking that it takes to do college level classes. Public school was not highly advanced in the 1930’s. Teachers tried to stick kids in the same class when either a certain student could be above that level or below that level. In Scout’s case, she was way above the standards of the class she was associated with (Lee 17-20). Other students in that class did not even know how to read, and Scout could read and write. She could write in cursive, let alone print (Lee 17-20). This is another reason why Scout’s teacher was insistent that Scout should stop learning outside of school and class. Now there are many ways to separate these two classes of students. Public schools have begun to incorporate a Challenge Program. It is a program for those students who are able to go above and beyond (Hauser 1). 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Ethylene Oxide (EtO)

Questions: 1. Define the characteristics of ethylene oxide2. Define the characteristics of ethylene oxide covering toxicological effects and physiologic effects3. Discuss the OSHA exposure standards, personal protection equipments and correct sampling process for ethylene oxide. Answers: Introduction Ethylene Oxide (EtO) is a colorless, flammable gas that smells like ether at toxic levels. EtO is workable gas for many industrial and commercial purposes as intermediate, fumigant and sterilant of medical equipments. However, with potential utility characteristics, this gas also persist potential hazardous characteristics. As employees working in medical premises it is important to get knowledge on these characteristics of EtO as well as the process to minimise its hazardous outcomes of EtO sterilisation machine (Reichert Young, 1997, p.34). As a safety officer, Mr. Roy Whittaker has constructed this short description of essential data or information that employees at Blackheath Community Hospital need to know regarding new Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Machine to be installed in the organization. 1. Defining the characteristics of ethylene oxide The following are some of the most important characteristics of EtO sterilisation machine that every employee should know: - The EtO exposure rate is limited to a part of the million air parts and is measured as TWA that is 8-hour time-weighted average. The short-term exposure limit for EtO is 5 ppm for average sampling time of 15 minutes that is known as permissible exposure limits (PELs) The action level is calculated as per 8-hour TWA for employee exposure as threshold limit as per these standards. The OSHA standards provide knowledge on EtO occupational exposure, handling of materials containing EtO and processing protocol (Ackert-Burr, 2010, p. 285). 2. Defining the characteristics of ethylene oxide covering toxicological effects and physiologic effects Physiological effects The mild effects of EtO include irritation in eyes, skin, dermal and respiratory tract. Anaphylaxis Type-1 and Contact dermatitis Type -4 along with occupational asthma is commonly observed in people with EtO exposure. The common disease resulting due to the toxicology of EtO includes blurred eye, blisters, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, and convulsions. The reproductive effects of EtO involve risk conditions in pregnancy as well as chances of abortion in women (Arnold et al. 2011). The neurological effects of ethylene oxide involve a major effect on the central nervous system. These are reports indicating the development of axonal degeneration as well as defects in the myelin sheath of the brain due to EtO exposure 1300mg. Genetic effects of gas involve an increase in chromosomal materials like chromatin material, lymphocytes and micronuclei. Breakage in genetic material DNA can also occur due to EtO exposure. EtO is also capable of generating carcinogenic effect giving birth to different cancers like leukaemia, Stomach, pancreases, haematopoietic, brain cancer etc. (Lewis et al. 2003). Toxicological effects Ethylene oxide causes toxicity by inhalation above the TWA limits leading to irritation in mucous membranes of throat and nose. EtO toxicology is known as acute poisoning. A bit higher toxicity of EtO can lead to trachea and bronchi damages as well as partial lung collapse. The occurrence of pulmonary oedema and cardiovascular damages are observed in the case of long-term ethylene oxide exposure of minimum 72 hours (Toxicological profile for ethylene oxide, 2016). 3. Discussing the OSHA exposure standards, personal protection equipments and correct sampling process for ethylene oxide OSHA exposure standards The following are OSHA exposure standards for employee collected from (OSHA factsheet, 2016). As discussed above the TWA level of ethylene oxide exposure the activities like air monitoring, medical examinations, training and labelling should be completed within this threshold time limit. The employees cannot release airborne EtO concentrations at of above the mentioned action level under normal circumstances If the employee exceeds the PEL level to ethylene oxide exposure than they should follow the required actions to avoid risk. Use of work practice and engineering controls mentioned in OSHA standards are recommended to control the exposure of ethylene oxide. The personal, area and leak monitoring are keen requirements to be performed for EtO exposure Employees should follow the written compliance program developed to reduce exposure risk of EtO Establish a specific area that allows Eto exposure above the threshold limit time that is named as leak area restricted for specific use Employee should strictly follow personal monitoring protocol as per OSHA standards to tackle this exposure The medical surveillance program is mentioned as keen requirement to be established in the organization to monitor employee exposure and risk Try to maintain employee rotation as per 8-hour TWA exposure limit time Provide warning labels on equipments or containers that cause high EtO exposure Select, maintain and provide personal protection equipments for the personal safety of the employee. Maintain initial and periodic monitoring of employee on regular basis to detect exposure rate Additional monitoring should be processed for any change in workplace conditions Medical surveillance compulsory for employee assigned in high exposure area and emergency EtO exposure above TWA level Maintain material safety data sheet as per OSHA hazard communication standards Maintain employee medical record and EtO exposure record for 30 days Provide medical aid and doctor facility for emergency conditions Do not allow drink, smoke or feeding in EtO zone (Small business guide for Ethylene oxide, 2016). Personal protection equipments The personal protective equipments (PPE) as per OSHA standards for getting protection from EtO are described below: - For eye and face protection the use of safety spectacles, goggles, laser safety goggles and face shields while handling EtO exposures. For body protection from EtO, the clotting material made from rubber, neoprene, plastics and rubberized fabrics provides protection from ethylene oxide. For the protection of respiratory system, the use of positive-pressure supplied air OSHA recommends equipment for employees dealing with EtO exposure. The use of full-face respirator is highly recommended by OSHA Keep first aid for personal protection during long-term EtO exposure (OSHA factsheet, 2016) Sampling process as per OSHA standards The sampling process as per OSHA standards for collecting EtO involves the use of charcoal tubes and sampling pumps that are followed by gas chromatography analysis. The process starts by desorbing charcoal tubes in 1% CS(2) benzene. Further, the sample is derivatized with hydrogen bromide or carbon disulphide followed by sodium carbonate treatment. The below provided are specific requirements of the sampling process. Air volume- 1 litre Sampling rate 0.05Lpm Detection limit based on mentioned air volume 13.3 ppb Estimate of Standard error 6.59 % Reliable quantitation limit 52.2 ppb Special requirements The provided sample should be analysed within 15 days of sampling date. This sampling process is convenient, sensitive and reproducible to allow proper analysis of Ethylene oxide. The reanalysis of this sample is also recommended and possible as per OSHA standards. The longer GC retention time reduces interferences in this sampling process of Ethylene oxide (Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene oxide (Non-mandatory) - 1910.1047 App D, 2016) Brief training program This training program for the employees will include a training session to demonstrate the process and techniques that employee need to follow regarding the handling of ethylene oxide machinery followed by a demonstration on OSHA standards and guidelines. After this employee will be provided with a training session regarding the management and protection techniques for using sterilisation machinery. The medical record of all the employees will be recorded for further processes after the training session. References Books Reichert, M., Young, J. H. (1997).Sterilization technology for the health care facility. Jones Bartlett Learning. Journals Ackert-Burr, C. (2010). Low-Temperature Sterilization: Are You In the Know?.Perioperative Nursing Clinics,5(3), 281-290. Arnold, E. V., Doletski, B. G., Dunn, T. M., Raulli, R. E., Mueller, E. P., Benedek, K. R., Murville, M. L. (2011).U.S. Patent No. 8,017,074. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Lewis, M., Meek, M. E., Liteplo, R. G., World Health Organization. (2003). Ethylene oxide. OSHA factsheet. (2016). Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/ethylene-oxide-factsheet.pdf Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene oxide (Non-mandatory) - 1910.1047 App D. (2016). Osha.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDSp_id=10074 Small business guide for Ethylene oxide. (2016). Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/ethylene-oxide.pdf Toxicological profile for ethylene oxide. (2016). Retrieved 13 July 2016, from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/TOXPROFILES/TP137.PDF